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Aluminum Dross Press & Dross Processing: Equipment, Recovery and Applications

Aluminum Dross Press & Dross Processing

Sino Machine Industries (SMI) supplies aluminum dross press systems and related casthouse equipment for primary aluminum smelters, secondary aluminum producers, aluminum casting facilities and metal recycling operations. Since 1996, SMI has served the aluminum and metal recycling industries with equipment and customized industrial products designed around specific operating requirements.

Our product scope includes aluminum dross presses, dross press heads, dross pans, cooling pans and associated cast-house components. Depending on the project, equipment may be supplied individually, as matched component sets, or as part of a broader dross management and metal recovery solution.

Aluminum Dross Processing: Why Equipment Selection Matters

Aluminum dross is generated during melting, holding, alloying and other molten-metal operations. Its composition varies with furnace type, alloy, operating conditions, flux use, handling practices and the time elapsed after skimming.

Depending on its origin and condition, dross may contain recoverable metallic aluminum, aluminum oxides, flux salts and other constituents. The proportion of recoverable metal is not constant across all dross streams.

Effective dross management therefore requires more than selecting a press with a particular rated capacity. The process must account for how dross is generated, transferred, pressed, cooled, transported and subsequently processed.

A properly specified hot aluminum dross press can help recover free metallic aluminum at the casthouse before the material undergoes further oxidation. Its actual performance depends on the dross characteristics, operating procedures, press configuration, cooling arrangement and measurement method.

How an Aluminum Dross Press Works

An aluminum dross press is designed to separate recoverable metallic aluminum from freshly skimmed hot dross through controlled mechanical pressing.

A typical operating sequence includes the following stages:

1. Dross skimming and collection

Dross is removed from the furnace and collected in a suitable dross pan. Prompt and controlled transfer is important because prolonged exposure to high temperatures and air can increase oxidation and reduce the amount of recoverable metallic aluminum.

2. Positioning and pressing

The loaded pan is positioned in the press according to the equipment design. The press head applies controlled hydraulic force to compact the hot dross and promote the discharge of liquid aluminum through the designed drainage passages.

3. Metal collection

The separated metallic aluminum is collected for appropriate return to the melting process or other suitable handling, subject to alloy quality and plant procedures.

4. Cooling and residue handling

The remaining dross or salt-bearing residue is handled and cooled using a procedure appropriate to its composition and the installation. The subsequent treatment route depends on the material characteristics and applicable safety and environmental requirements.

A dross press is one stage of an overall recovery process. It does not, by itself, eliminate the need for downstream treatment or appropriate management of the remaining residue.

SMI Aluminum Dross Press Systems

SMI offers dross press equipment for different production requirements, including small and medium-sized melting and casting facilities and larger aluminum production operations.

The existing SMI product range includes three model designations:

  • SMI40: A smaller-capacity configuration.
  • SMI60: A medium-capacity configuration.
  • SMI80: A larger-capacity configuration.

The historical SMI product specification lists nominal single-cycle dross capacities of approximately 250–300 kg for SMI40, 450–500 kg for SMI60 and 600–700 kg for SMI80. These figures should be treated as preliminary selection references and verified against the current equipment specification and the customer’s actual dross characteristics.

The appropriate configuration should be determined by considering the quantity of dross generated per cycle, the number of furnaces served, the operating schedule, available handling equipment and the required cycle time.

Customized configurations may be considered where the standard arrangement does not match the installation requirements.

Dross Press Heads and Dross Pan Sets

The press head and dross pan are closely related components in a hot dross pressing system. Their geometry, clearances, drainage arrangements and thermal behavior affect the operation of the equipment.

SMI supplies dross press heads and dross pan sets in configurations selected according to the press design and customer requirements.

Important considerations include:

  • Existing press frame and head dimensions.
  • Pan geometry, capacity and drainage-hole arrangement.
  • Material selection and resistance to thermal cycling.
  • Forklift pockets, lifting points and handling clearances.
  • Compatibility between the press head, pan and operating cycle.
  • Cooling arrangements and the condition of existing equipment.

Where replacement components are required for an existing installation, drawings, dimensional sketches, photographs and equipment identification details help establish compatibility before production.

For third-party equipment, suitability must be confirmed through an engineering review rather than assumed from nominal dimensions alone.

Dross Cooling and Downstream Processing

Hot dross pressing and downstream dross recycling perform different functions and should be evaluated separately.

After pressing, the remaining material may still contain metallic aluminum trapped within an oxide-rich matrix. Depending on the dross type and the recovery objective, additional processing may include controlled cooling, crushing, screening and separation.

A typical downstream arrangement may include:

  • Dross cooling equipment.
  • A suitable crushing or milling stage.
  • Screening and classification equipment.
  • Collection and handling systems for separated fractions.
  • Dust control and residue management equipment, where required.

Not every plant needs the same configuration. The appropriate process depends on whether the feed is primary or secondary dross, whether flux salts are present, the residual metal content, the intended recovery route and local environmental requirements.

Salt-bearing residues from secondary aluminum operations may require dedicated treatment. Mechanical pressing should not be regarded as a complete salt-slag treatment process.

Aluminum Dross Management, Safety and Environmental Considerations

Modern dross management involves more than maximizing the quantity of recovered metal. Material handling, cooling, storage, transportation, worker protection and the management of processing residues are also important.

The International Aluminium Institute’s 2026 Sustainable Aluminium Dross Management Guidance emphasizes an integrated approach to dross generation, handling, cooling, processing, recovery, safety and residue utilization.

For equipment selection and plant planning, the following principles are relevant:

  • Establish a defined procedure for hot-dross handling and transfer.
  • Select cooling and processing methods appropriate to the material.
  • Assess dust, heat, moving machinery and other workplace hazards.
  • Provide suitable guarding, interlocks and operating controls for the specified installation.
  • Evaluate residue composition and the applicable treatment or disposal requirements.
  • Review local environmental, transport and waste regulations before determining the final processing route.

Certain aluminum dross and salt-bearing residues can release hazardous or flammable gases when exposed to unsuitable treatment conditions, including uncontrolled contact with water. Residue treatment must therefore be based on its actual composition and an appropriate process-safety assessment.

Environmental performance and regulatory compliance depend on the complete operating system, not on the press alone.

Applications

SMI dross press equipment and related casthouse products may be relevant to:

  • Primary aluminum smelters.
  • Secondary aluminum smelters and remelting plants.
  • Aluminum billet, bar and rod production facilities.
  • Aluminum casting and foundry operations.
  • Aluminum recycling and metal recovery plants.
  • Non-ferrous metal processing facilities, subject to material and process compatibility.

Equipment selection should reflect the specific production process rather than the industry label alone.

Selecting the Right Dross Press Configuration

A useful technical assessment begins with the customer’s existing process and operating requirements.

To help evaluate a new system or replacement equipment, please provide as much of the following information as available:

  • Furnace type, number of furnaces and production process.
  • Dross type and approximate quantity generated per shift.
  • Typical dross weight per pan or pressing cycle.
  • Existing press model, press-head dimensions and pan drawings.
  • Available floor space and material-handling arrangements.
  • Hydraulic, electrical and cooling-water requirements, where applicable.
  • Required automation level and intended scope of supply.
  • Applicable inspection, documentation and safety requirements.

These details help establish a suitable configuration, identify compatibility issues and determine whether a complete press system or selected replacement components would better meet the requirement.

SMI: Dross Press Equipment and Customized Industrial Components

Sino Machine Industries supplies aluminum dross press equipment and related industrial components for aluminum production and recycling applications. Our scope can include complete equipment packages, matched press-head and dross-pan sets, cooling pans and customized cast components, depending on the project.

We work from the customer’s drawings, specifications and operating requirements to evaluate the appropriate product configuration. Equipment scope, technical parameters, inspection arrangements and delivery requirements are established for each individual project.

For related information, please explore our aluminum dross press systems, dross press heads and dross pan sets, aluminum dross cooling pans, casthouse skimming tools and aluminum dross recycling equipment.

Request Technical Information or a Quotation

If you are planning a new dross press installation, replacing existing components or reviewing your current dross recovery process, SMI welcomes your enquiry.

Please send your equipment drawings, current specifications, approximate dross volume and intended scope of supply to inquiry@sinomachine.org.

Our team can review the available information and advise on a suitable equipment or component configuration for your application.

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Dross Stir Blades and Dross Skim Blades (Dross Skim Tools)

Dross Skim Blades and Dross Skim Tools
Dross Skim Blades and Dross Skim Tools

Dross skim blades (Dross Skimming Tools) are often the headaches in the casthouse operation because of the usual short life expectancy. SMI specially designed skim blades, made out of our proprietary material, usually last substantially longer than the traditional ones. Show us your reverberatory furnace and the skim blade handling equipment, we will offer you our skim blades to fit for your application for longer service life.

Dross skim tools including the following series:
CAST STIR BLADE series, CAST SKIM BLADE series, CAST LOCK PINs, NUTs and SCREWs. Let us know your production environment and we will tell you how to choose dross stir blade, how to choose skim blade and the appendages.

Las cuchillas de escoria (Dross Skimming Tools) son a menudo los dolores de cabeza en la operación de la fundición debido a la corta esperanza de vida habitual. Las cuchillas desnatadas especialmente diseñadas por SMI, hechas de nuestro material patentado, suelen durar mucho más que las tradicionales. Muéstrenos su horno de reverbero y el equipo de manejo de cuchillas desnatadas, le ofreceremos nuestras cuchillas desnatadas que se adaptan a su aplicación para una vida útil más larga.

Οι λεπίδες Dross skim (Dross Skimming Tools) είναι συχνά οι πονοκέφαλοι στη λειτουργία του χυτοστασίου λόγω του συνηθισμένου μικρού προσδόκιμου ζωής. Οι ειδικά σχεδιασμένες λεπίδες αποκορύφωσης SMI, κατασκευασμένες από ιδιόκτητο υλικό μας, συνήθως διαρκούν σημαντικά περισσότερο από τις παραδοσιακές. Δείξτε μας τον κλίβανο αντήχησης και τον εξοπλισμό χειρισμού λεπίδων αποκορύφωσης, θα σας προσφέρουμε τις λεπίδες αποκορύφωσης που ταιριάζουν στην εφαρμογή σας για μεγαλύτερη διάρκεια ζωής.

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Comparison between Sow Molds and Ingot Molds

Comparison between Sow Molds and Ingot Molds, covering shape, materials, functions, applications, replacement frequency, and other key differences:

1. Shape & Structural Design
Aspect Sow Molds Ingot Molds
Typical Shape – Thick, block-like (trapezoidal or rectangular, 500–2,000 kg) – Slender, standardized bars (“T” or trapezoidal, 20–25 kg)
– Rough surface, minimal internal features – Smooth surface, precise dimensions
Dimensions – Example: 1.5m × 0.6m × 0.5m (for 1,000 kg ingots) – Example: 0.8m × 0.15m × 0.1m (for 25 kg ingots)
Internal Design – Reinforced for bulk strength (fewer ribs) – Multiple ribs (to prevent warping)
– Simple interior surface – Mold release slopes or grooves
2. Manufacturing Materials
Aspect Sow Molds Ingot Molds
Primary Materials – Gray cast iron (HT250): Low cost, heat-resistant – Gray cast iron (HT200): Lightweight
– Ductile iron (QT500-7): Superior thermal shock resistance – Low-carbon steel (Q235B): For rapid cooling
– High-chromium cast iron (Cr 15–20%) – Nickel-plated variants (anti-stick)
Material Properties – High thermal conductivity – Moderate thermal conductivity
– Carbon content: 3.0–3.5% (gray iron) – Carbon content: 2.5–3.2% (gray iron)
3. Function & Applications
Aspect Sow Molds Ingot Molds
Primary Function – Cast large aluminum blocks (“sows”) for remelting or rolling – Produce standardized ingots for direct sale or machining
– Focus on slow cooling to preserve metal quality – Prioritize rapid solidification and surface finish
Applications – Primary smelters (electrolytic aluminum) – Downstream processing plants (e.g., extrusion, forging)
– Recycling plants (bulk scrap remelting) – Commercial trade (standardized units)
Cooling Method – Natural cooling (4–8 hours) – Forced cooling (water/air jets, 10–30 minutes)
– Insulation layers (e.g., ceramic blankets)  
4. Replacement Frequency & Maintenance
Aspect Sow Molds Ingot Molds
Service Life – 300–500 pours (prone to thermal cracking) – 1,000–1,500 pours (lightweight design)
– Repairable via welding – Less frequent repairs
Failure Modes – Thermal fatigue cracks (interior surface) – Surface oxidation peeling
– Warping (difficulty demolding) – Dimensional inaccuracy due to wear
Maintenance – Inspect for cracks every 50 uses – Clean slag every 100 uses
– Apply anti-stick coatings (e.g., graphite) – Calibrate dimensions periodically
5. Industry Use Cases
1) Sow Molds Example:
An electrolytic aluminum plant uses HT250 gray iron sow molds to cast 1,200 kg blocks for rolling mills. Molds are replaced every 6 months.
2) Ingot Molds Example:
An extrusion factory employs Q235B steel ingot molds to produce 22.5 kg T-shaped ingots at 200 units/hour, with a mold lifespan of 2 years.
6. Key Differences & Selection Guidelines
Factor Sow Molds Ingot Molds
Design Focus Bulk casting, slow cooling, durability Standardization, speed, surface quality
Ideal Scenario Primary smelting or remelting Downstream processing or trade
Cost Efficiency Higher initial cost, saves remelting energy (~15%) Lower cost, mass production efficiency (~30% faster packaging)
Recommendations:
1) Use Sow Molds for intermediate products requiring remelting or rolling.
2) Choose Ingot Molds for final products needing standardized shapes and fast turnover.

This comparison highlights how material choices, design priorities, and operational needs drive the selection between these critical aluminum casting tools. For more professional guidance, please contact our aluminium casting engineer.

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Aluminum Dross Press

Aluminum Dross Press — In-House Dross Recovery Systems for Aluminum Casthouses

An aluminum dross press is the most effective method for recovering free metal from hot aluminum dross at the point of generation — before oxidation converts recoverable aluminum into oxide waste. By combining hydraulic compaction with forced cooling in a single automated cycle, a correctly specified dross press system typically achieves 20–35% in-house metal recovery, depending on operational conditions at the casthouse.

SMI designs, manufactures and commissions aluminum dross press systems as a complete supply — from the press frame and hydraulic unit through to the dross press cooling head, dross pan set and control system. Developed with over 30 years of experience in the aluminum recycling industry, SMI delivers dross press systems as engineered solutions matched to each customer’s furnace type, dross generation rate and casthouse configuration.

Why In-House Dross Processing Matters

Hot aluminum dross leaving the furnace still contains significant free metal — the exact proportion depending on furnace type, alloy, operating practice and how quickly the dross is handled after skimming. Without on-site pressing, dross is typically cooled slowly in open pans, allowing continued oxidation and thermiting that converts recoverable aluminum into aluminum oxide. This represents a direct and measurable production loss on every cast.

Sending unpressed dross to an external recycler recovers some of that metal, but at a fraction of its in-house value and with significant commercial and logistical dependencies. In-house pressing recovers the metal immediately, at full in-house value, and gives the operation direct control over its dross processing output.

Actual recovery rates in practice depend on several operational factors: the free metal content of the dross at skimming, the time elapsed between skimming and pressing, the distance from furnace to press, insulation conditions during transfer, and the condition of the pan-and-head set. The global average in-house aluminum recovery from dross processing is approximately 33% — SMI systems are designed to optimise all controllable variables within this range.

SMI Dross Press — Three Model Sizes

SMI supplies three standard dross press models, sized to match different furnace capacities and dross generation rates. All three models share the same engineering platform — hydraulic system architecture, control system, cooling head technology and dross pan design — with press capacity scaled to the installation requirement.

Model Single-Cycle Dross Capacity Typical Application
SMI40 250–300 kg per pressing cycle Smaller melting and casting facilities, secondary smelters, foundries
SMI60 450–500 kg per pressing cycle Medium-capacity primary and secondary smelters, recycling plants
SMI80 600–700 kg per pressing cycle High-volume primary smelters, large secondary operations

Custom configurations outside these standard ranges are available on request. Press capacity selection, pan geometry and cooling head specification are confirmed by SMI application engineers based on a review of the customer’s furnace type, dross generation rate and casthouse layout.

How the SMI Dross Press System Works

The SMI dross press operates on a fully automated, programmable cycle integrated with the casthouse workflow:

  • Hot dross is skimmed from the furnace and transferred directly to the dross pan — minimising the time between skimming and pressing is critical to maximising recovery
  • The loaded dross pan is positioned in the dross press box
  • The hydraulic cylinder drives the cooling head down into the dross box, compacting the dross under controlled pressure
  • The integrated cooling system activates simultaneously, extracting heat rapidly through the cooling head and arresting oxidation
  • The dross consolidates into a dense aluminum block with significantly reduced oxide content
  • The head retracts, the cycle completes, and the press is ready for the next pan

No manual intervention is required during the press cycle. Cycle parameters — pressure, hold time, cooling duration — are set to match the dross type and production rate of the specific installation. The automated operation reduces operator exposure to radiant heat and fume, and eliminates the skill variability associated with manual dross handling.

System Components and Specifications

Press Frame and Hydraulic System

The press frame is engineered for the compaction forces and thermal environment of continuous casthouse operation. The complete machine weight is approximately 15 tonnes. The hydraulic system is sized to the press capacity requirement and supplied as an integrated part of the press package.

SMI specifies hydraulic and electrical components from established global industrial suppliers as standard — pumps and valves from Rexroth, additional valves from SUN, filtration from HYDAC, and drive motors from Siemens. Alternative brands are available as specified by the customer. Component brand selection affects price, local serviceability, warranty terms and spare parts availability — SMI application engineers will advise on the most practical specification for each market and installation. In the event of on-site replacement, locally available motors and components of equivalent power and performance specification are fully compatible.

Dross Press Cooling Head

The dross press cooling head is the core performance component of the system. It delivers the compaction force and simultaneously extracts heat through an integrated forced-cooling circuit cast directly into the head body. SMI cooling heads are manufactured from the proprietary SMI ATM series anti-thermal-shock castable and are available in cooled and uncooled configurations across all geometries. The cooling head and dross pan are designed as a matched set to optimise seal geometry and heat transfer performance.

Dross Pan Set

The dross pan is the containment and transfer vessel for hot dross from furnace to press. SMI dross pans are cast from proprietary alloy steel formulations developed to resist the thermiting action and thermal shock of continuous hot dross service. Pan geometry is matched to the cooling head profile to ensure correct sealing under press pressure. Dross pan sets and press heads are manufactured and supplied to exact customer requirements for any dross press configuration.

Control and Automation System

The control system manages the full press cycle — hydraulic actuation, cooling circuit activation, pressure hold, cycle timing and head retraction — through a programmable controller. The system is designed for straightforward day-to-day operation and maintenance, with alarm and monitoring functions as standard. Remote monitoring capability is available as part of the control package.

System Design Considerations

SMI dross press system design takes into account the full operational context of each installation:

  • Furnace configuration — type, capacity and number of furnaces to be served
  • Material handling — forklift capacity, pan transfer method, casthouse layout and access
  • Dross characteristics — type, generation rate, free metal content and temperature at skimming
  • Utility supply — hydraulic, cooling water and electrical specifications
  • Recovery objectives — on-site recovery targets and downstream processing requirements

The goal of the design process is a system that maximises recovery both on-site and at any downstream secondary processor, within the operational and physical constraints of the specific casthouse.

Upgrade and Retrofit Supply

For operations with existing dross press installations, SMI provides upgrade and retrofit supply across the consumable and component range. If the press frame is serviceable but recovery performance has declined — due to worn cooling heads, degraded dross pans or control system limitations — SMI can supply replacement components without requiring full press replacement.

SMI cooling heads can be adapted to work with third-party press frames. Because hydraulic output, control parameters and commissioning requirements vary between press manufacturers, SMI conducts a technical review of the existing press specifications before confirming the adaptation scope. The full delivery scope — engineering review, component manufacture, on-site installation and commissioning — is available as a single-source engagement.

Delivery and Service

Parameter Details
Lead time Approximately 6~10 weeks from order confirmation
Shipping Ocean freight, 1 x 40HD container
Delivery terms DDP available; other Incoterms on request
On-site service Installation and commissioning support available
Spare parts Replacement cooling heads, dross pans and hydraulic components held in stock

Global Supply and Service

SMI has been supplying aluminum recycling systems and casthouse consumables since 1996, with over 30 years of manufacturing and export experience across legal entities in mainland China, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States. Annual mechanical product output exceeds 4,000 metric tons.

SMI dross press systems and casthouse consumables are in active service at primary aluminum smelters across the Middle East, Europe, India, North America and Asia-Pacific, including multiple operations within the world’s highest-output primary aluminum production groups. All supply relationships are subject to confidentiality agreements. Reference accounts are available to qualified buyers under appropriate confidentiality terms.

Application Sectors

  • Primary aluminum smelters
  • Secondary aluminum smelters and refineries
  • Aluminum rod, billet and bar plants
  • Metal recycling and non-ferrous scrap processing plants
  • Aluminum die casting and foundry operations
  • Magnesium and other non-ferrous metal recovery operations

Related Products — Complete Dross Management from SMI

Request a System Quotation or Technical Consultation

To specify the correct dross press system for your operation, please provide the following at enquiry stage:

  • Furnace type and number of furnaces to be served
  • Estimated dross generation rate — tonnes per shift or pans per hour
  • Dross type: primary / secondary / rotary / other
  • Existing dross handling equipment — press frame, pan set, cooling system if applicable
  • Available utilities: hydraulic supply, cooling water, electrical specification
  • Casthouse layout drawing or dimensional constraints if available

SMI will respond with a written system recommendation and commercial proposal. Contact SMI — Aluminum Dross Press Enquiry →

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Aluminum Dross Skim Blades and Skim Tools

Aluminum dross skim blades (skim tools) is a management tool for aluminum dross in smelting furnace, and skim blade is used to remove or skim the dross layer on the surface of the furnace melt to help obtain better aluminum. SMI’s skim blades are made of our own developed corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant materials and can be used in various vehicles such as wheel loaders and forklifts.
It is composed of scraper rod and scraper plate, only need to replace the scraper plate
Increase of service life, Reduced downtime, Cost saving

One end of the skim blades (skim tools) is connected to a long rod that is resistant to high temperature and corrosion by means of a fixing bolt, and the other end is fixed to the forklift. Can move with the telescopic arm before and after, left and right, up and down, so that the aluminum dross more uniform heat distribution and melting, and stirring with skim blades can also help improve the performance of cleaning fluxes by dispersing them more evenly in the melt, helping to produce the best grades of aluminum, It is a skimmer blade and agitator designed for aluminum smelting furnaces.

Specification Of Aluminum Dross Skim Blades and Skim Tools:
Material: SMI anti-thermal shock proprietary material for cast-house consumables
Application: Aluminum recycling, Aluminum smelters, Metal Recycling plants, non-ferrous metals recycling plants, Aluminum bar producers, Primary Aluminum producers, Secondary Aluminum producers, Aluminum refineries etc.

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Aluminum Dross Cooling Pan

Aluminum Dross Cooling Pan
The aluminum dross cooling pan is designed to quickly cool the salt cake to reduce the dross temperature quickly below 350°C (662°F) , to stop secondary oxidation and coalesce the aluminum particles in the salt cake, saving more aluminum in the dross and improving the overall aluminum recovery, our aluminum dross collection and recycling equipment through our customer’s application situation collected some ideas and suggestions designed and manufactured, so that aluminum dross can be quickly cooled and evenly distributed, effectively improve the amount of aluminum recovery.

We use quality materials ASTM A27 grade 65-35 to make them strong and durable
With forklift hole, casting feet/lugs for easy material transport
The unique design enables the aluminum dross to be cooled quickly and reduce oxidation
A variety of specifications to choose from to meet production applications

Aluminum Dross Cooling Pan
The main function of aluminum dross cooling pan is designed to quickly cool the salt cake to reduce the dross temperature quickly below 350°C (662°F), to stop secondary oxidation and coalesce the aluminum particles in the salt cake, saving more aluminum in the dross and improving the overall aluminum recovery.

Our aluminum dross cooling pan adopts ASTM A27 65-35 grade, cast steel and alloy steel and other materials, with excellent high temperature mechanical properties and good heat resistance, which can be selected according to your application.

Dross pan uses a unique process to ensure the quality of the casting.
Effectively separates the dregs in the aluminum liquid and improves the availability of aluminum metal
High density, smooth surface, long service life
Customized dross pans, dross cooling pans, sow molds etc. according to specific needs to meet customer expectations.

Description Of Aluminum Dross Cooling Pan
Material: Anti-thermal shock proprietary material for cast house consumables
Application: Aluminum recycling, Aluminum smelters, Metal Recycling plants, non-ferrous metals recycling plants, Aluminum bar producers, Primary Aluminum producers, Secondary Aluminum producers, Aluminum refineries etc.